换称的“换称词语”在辞典中的选收

如题所述

第1个回答  2016-06-05

现代汉语的语文辞典,对于“换称词语”的处理还可以更有计划、更全面、更有科学性, 语言学中的“换称’(a ntonomasia,一译“代类名,’),指的是:用形容词定语来指代专有名词,
如用the Alm咭hty(全能的)来指代God(上帝);或用专有名词(及词组)来代替一般名词(及词组),
如在法国,往往以Larousse(拉鲁斯,大、小拉鲁斯词典的编者)来称呼dietionnaire(词典)。
至于现代汉语词汇中的“换称词”语气又不尽相同,表现形式更为多样,数量上十分丰富。这样,就给语文辞典的收词和释义带来一定困难。
语文辞典应选收哪些“换称词语”?如何针对其特点进行释义?这些都有待进一步探讨。
不了解西方的宗教、历史、文学,要理解和应用换称这一特殊修辞手段是会有困难的。 换称(antonomasia)、转喻(Metonymy)、提喻(synecdoche)这三种修辞手法都属于关系类修辞,它们的共同之处都是用某一事物的名称指代另一事物的名称,故而常常容易使人混淆。目前国内有关英语修辞的教科书中就常将这三种修辞手法混为一谈,使得老师和学生对此模糊不清。其实,如果将这三种修辞手法的定义和用法弄清,就不难区分它们。下面就这三种修辞手法的定义、用法以及它们之间的异同等作些比较:
一:换称(Antonomasia)的定义与用法:定义:用头衔、绰号和称呼等代替姓名或称谓或用专有名词代替普通名词的修辞手法叫做换称。(An antonomasia is a figure of speech that involves the use of an epithet or title in place of a name, and also the use of a proper name in place of a common noun.)
用法:①用头衔、绰号和称呼等代替姓名或称谓:
His Majesty(陛下)→a king or the name of the king(国王或国王的姓名)
His Honor(阁下)→a judge or the name of the judge(法官或法官的姓名)
Iron Chancellor(铁血宰相)→Bismarck(俾斯麦
②用专有名词代替普通名词:
a. 源于宗教或神话:
Solomon(所罗门)→a wise man(聪明人)
Judas(犹大)→a traitor(叛徒)
Helen(海伦)→a beautiful woman(美女)
b. 源于历史:
Hitler(希特勒)→a tyrant(暴君)
He is the Newton of this century. 他是本世纪的牛顿
9 a great scientist
Milton(弥尔顿)→a poet(诗人)
c. 源于文学作品:
二、转喻(Metonymy)的定义与用法:定义:用某一事物的名称代替另一事物的名称的修辞手法叫做转喻或借代。这两种事物之间有着密切相关的联系。(A metonymy is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the name of one thing for that of another with which it is closely associated.)
用法:转喻通常用下列几种方式指代:
①根据人名或商品品牌名:
Uncle Sam(山姆大叔)→Americans or the American government(美国人/美国政府)
John Bull(约翰牛)→the English nation or a typical Englishman(英国/地道英国人)
He is reading Shakespeare. 他在读莎士比亚作品。
9 Shakespeare's works (用作者指代作品)
He went in debt just to keep up with the Joneses. 他为了与邻里攀比而负债。
9 neighbours
(用“琼斯家”指代“邻里”)
We drove a Ford to Hyde Park. 我们驾驶一辆福特牌小轿车到海德公园去。
9 a car whose make is Ford(用品牌名指代实物)
②根据实物名称:
Finally she married money. 她最终嫁给了有钱人。
9 a rich man (用“钱”指代“有钱人”。)
I live near an airport and passing planes can be heard night and day. 我住在飞机场附近,日夜可以听到过往的飞机声。9 the noise made by passing planes
(用“过往的飞机”指代“噪音”。)
③根据动植物名称:
the big apple(大苹果)→New York city(纽约市
Russian bear(俄国熊)→Russians or the Russian government(俄国人/俄国政府)
British lion(英国狮)→England or the English government(英国/英国政府)
The flowerof the nation was sent off to war. 该国的壮小伙子都被送去打仗了。
9 the strong young men
(the flower通常用来指代“精英”、“精华”等。在句中,它被用来指代“壮小伙子”。)
④根据工具名:
When the war was over, he laid down the sword and took up the pen.
9 arms 9 writing
战争结束后,他放下武器,从事写作。
The penis mightier than the sword. 文章胜武力。
9 books and writing 9 armed force
(用“笔”指代“文章”,用“剑”指代“武力”。)
Only the knife can save him. 只有手术刀能够挽救他。
9 operation(用“手术刀”指代“手术”。)
⑤根据职业名:
I could not hear the actors. 我听不见演员的台词。
9 the words of the actors(用“演员”指代“台词”。)
Some students were talking loudly in class that I could not hear the teacher clearly.
一些学生在课堂上大声说话,我听不清老师的课。the teacher's lecture8
(用“老师”指代“老师的课”。)
⑥根据装东西的容器或容器里所装的东西:
He is too fond of thebottle. 他太喜欢喝酒了。
9 wine(用容器“瓶”指代内含的物质“酒”。)
The kettle is boiling. 水开了。
9 the water in the kettle
(用容器“壶”指代内含的物质“水”。)
Hispurse would not allow him that luxury. 他钱包里的钱不允许他那么奢侈。
9 the money in his purse
(用“钱包”指代它里面所装的“钱”。)
Two beers, please. 请来两杯啤酒。
9 two glasses of beer (用内含的物质“啤酒”指代容器“杯”。)
⑦根据身体的部位:
Braindrain. 人才流失。
9 talent(用“大脑”指代“人才”。)
But I was not one to let my heart rule my head. 我可不是那种让感情驾驭理智的人。
feelings or emotions 8 9 reason or good sense
(用“心”指代“感情”,用“头”指代“理智”。)
Grey hairsshould be respected. 老年人应该受到尊敬。
9 old people
(“头发”是人体的一部分,其前加了形容词“灰白的”之后,具有一种象征意义,常用来指代“老年人”。)
⑧根据典型实物借代职业:
He decided to enter the bar after college. 他决定大学毕业后当律师。
9 the legal profession
(the bar原意是法庭围栏,现常用来指代律师职业)
Members of the press weren't allowed into the combat zone. 新闻记者不准进入战斗区域。 9 newspaper reporters
(the press原意是印刷机,现常用来指代新闻记者)
He has been appointed to the bench. 他被委任为法官。
9 position of judge
(the bench原意是法官的席位,现常用来指代法官。)
⑨根据制作某东西的材料:
He had only a few coppers in his pocket. 他口袋里只有几个铜币。
9 coins(copper是制作coin的材料。)
She was dressed in silks. 她穿丝绸衣服。
9 silk clothes(silk是制作clothes的料子。)
⑩根据政府、工商企业的所在地以及事物活动的场所:
the White House(白宫)→the U.S. government(美国政府)
Wall Street(华尔街)→U.S. financial circles(美国金融界)
Capitol Hill(国会山)→the United States Congress(美国国会
Foggy Bottom(雾谷)→U.S. State Department(美国国务院)
Hollywood(好莱坞)→American film-making industry(美国电影业)
Madison Avenue(麦迪逊大街)→American advertising industry(美国广告业)
Downing Street(唐宁街)→the British government(英国政府)
Fleet Street(舰队街)→The British press(英国新闻界)
Down Under(对跖地)→Australia or New Zealand(澳大利亚或新西兰
The fieldwas won after two hours of bloody fighting.
9 the battle 经过2小时的浴血奋战,战斗取得了胜利。
(用“战斗场地”指代“战斗”。)
三、提喻(Synecdoche)的定义与用法:定义:用局部代替全体或全体代替局部,用属代替种或种代替属,用具体代替抽象或抽象代替具体的修辞手法叫做提喻。(A synecdoche is a figure of speech that involves the substitution of the part for the whole or the whole for the part, and the substitution of the species for the genus or the genus for the species, and also the substitution of the concrete for the abstract or the abstract for the concrete.)用法:①以局部代全体:
The poor man had six mouths to feed. 这可怜的人要养六口人。
9 people
(“口”只是人体的一部分,在此用来指代“人”。)
The poor man is now left without a roof. 这可怜的人落得个上无片瓦。
9 house
(“屋顶”只是房子的一部分,在此用来指代“房屋”。)
He can't ride a wheel. 他不会骑自行车。
9 bicycle
(“轮子”只是自行车的一个部件,在此用来指代“自行车”。)
②以全体代局部:
The birds sang to welcome the smiling year. 小鸟歌唱迎新春。
9 the spring
(“春季”只是“一年”中的一个季节,句中用“欢笑的年”指代“春天”。)
He has gained a footing in the musical world. 他在音乐界站住了脚。
9 field
(“世界”包括一切,表示“领域”的“界”。)
③以属代替种:
Spring vanishes with the rose. 花谢春尽。
9 flowers
(“玫瑰”属于“花”中的一种。)
It will cost you a pretty penny. 这恐怕会花费你许多钱。
9 money
(“便士”属于“钱”中的一种。)
④以种代替属:
I don't like to eat meat. 我不想吃猪肉。
9 pork(“肉”包括“猪肉”在内的任何一种肉。)
What a lovely creature! 多么美丽的女人啊!
9 a beautiful woman(“人”包括“女人”在内的任何一种人。)
⑤以具体代抽象:
He earned his bread as a teacher. 他以教书为生。
9 living(“面包”指代抽象名词“生计”。)
The wolfand the pig mingled together in his face. 他的脸上带着凶残和贪婪的神色。
9 fierceness 9 greediness
(用“狼”指代其“凶残的”本性,用“猪”指代其“贪婪的”本性。)
⑥以抽象代具体:
All the wit and learning of the world were assembled there.
9 the wise and learned scholars 所有聪明博学的人都聚集在那里。
(“聪颖”和“学问”都是抽象名词,在此指代“学者”。)
It was sickness and poverty together that she came to visit.
patients 8 9 poor people 她来探望的是病人和穷人。
(“疾病”和“贫穷”都是抽象名词,在此分别用来指代“病人”和“穷人”。)
Romeo(罗米欧)→a lover(情人)
Holmes(福尔摩斯)→a detective(侦探)

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