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清末甲午中日战争以后汉族知识分子的民族认同转变
The Change of Recognition to the Manchu Regime of Intellectuals of Han Nationality after the First Sino-Japanese War

内容摘要：甲午战争以后，清王朝面临空前的统治危机，特别是政权的合法性危机。与此同时，汉族的知识分子也经历了民族认同转变的历程，汉族意识开始普遍觉醒，民族主义观念开始增强。一部分维新派知识分子主张在满清统治的基础上进行改良，主张“不分满汉”的建构民族国家；而另一部分则走向了清王朝的反面，主张“种族革命”，彻底的推翻清王朝。在内外压力下，清王朝被迫做出了诸如戊戌变法、立宪新政等变革举措，可是仍然没有逆转形势，难逃灭亡的命运。本文试对这种转变原因和发生的转变情况及其对晚清政治结构及民族国家构建带来的影响做出一定的探讨。

关键词：汉族知识分子 “反满”思潮 民族主义 民族认同

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清末甲午中日战争以后汉族知识分子的民族认同转变
--The Transition of Han Chinese intellectuals’ National Identity after the First Sino-Japanese War [(1 August 1894 – 17 April 1895) between Qing Dynasty China and Meiji Japan]

关键词：汉族知识分子 “反满”思潮 民族主义 民族认同
【Key words】Han Chinese intellectuals, anti-Manchurian climate, nationalism, national identity
内容摘要：甲午战争以后，清王朝面临空前的统治危机，特别是政权的合法性危机。与此同时，汉族的知识分子也经历了民族认同转变的历程，汉族意识开始普遍觉醒，民族主义观念开始增强。一部分维新派知识分子主张在满清统治的基础上进行改良，主张“不分满汉”的建构民族国家；而另一部分则走向了清王朝的反面，主张“种族革命”，彻底的推翻清王朝。在内外压力下，清王朝被迫做出了诸如戊戌变法、立宪新政等变革举措，可是仍然没有逆转形势，难逃灭亡的命运。本文试对这种转变原因和发生的转变情况及其对晚清政治结构及民族国家构建带来的影响做出一定的探讨。
--【Abstract】After the First Sino-Japanese War, the Qing Dynasty was confronted with unheard-of dominion crisis, especially the crisis of regime legality. In the meantime, Han Chinese intellectuals also underwent the transition journey of national identity, and the awareness of the Han nationality began to awaken universally, furthermore, the concept of nationalism began to heighten. Some reformist intellectuals argued that the reformation should be made based on the Manchu Dynasty, and the national state should be constructed irrespective of Manchu or Han nationality; whereas the others turned into the opposite side of the Qing Dynasty, holding that racial revolution should be made to topple the Qing Dynasty to the core. Under the domestic and oversea pressure, the Qing Dynasty was compelled to implement such reforming moves as Hundred Days' Reform [a failed 104-day national cultural, political and educational reform movement from 11 June to 21 September 1898 in late Qing Dynasty China], and the Constitutionalism & the New Deal [1901-1911], however, these moves didn’t tip the scales, thus the Qing Dynasty ending up with a downfall. This passage will probe into such transition reasons and arising circumstances and its produced impact on political structure in the late Qing Dynasty and the construction of national state.

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