第1个回答 2007-06-11
Engineering seeks quality; software engineering is the production of quality software.
This book introduces a set of techniques which hold the potential for remarkable
improvements in the quality of software products.
Before studying these techniques, we must clarify their goals. Software quality is
best described as a combination of several factors. This chapter analyzes some of these
factors, shows where improvements are most sorely needed, and points to the directions
where we shall be looking for solutions in the rest of our journey.
1.1 EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL FACTORS
We all want our software systems to be fast, reliable, easy to use, readable, modular,
structured and so on. But these adjectives describe two different sorts of qualities.
On one side, we are considering such qualities as speed or ease of use, whose
presence or absence in a software product may be detected by its users. These properties
may be called external quality factors.
Under “users” we should include not only the people who actually interact with the final
products, like an airline agent using a flight reservation system, but also those who
purchase the software or contract out its development, like an airline executive in charge
of acquiring or commissioning flight reservation systems. So a property such as the ease
with which the software may be adapted to changes of specifications — defined later in
this discussion as extendibility — falls into the category of external factors even though
it may not be of immediate interest to such “end users” as the reservations agent.
Other qualities applicable to a software product, such as being modular, or readable,
are internal factors, perceptible only to computer professionals who have access to the
actual software text.
工程学寻求质量；软件工程学是质量软件的制造.
这一本书介绍一系列支撑潜在性的技术为显着的软件产品的质量进步.
在学习这些技术之前,我们一定澄清他们的目标. 软件质量是最好的描述为一些因素的一个组合. 这章分析一些这些因素，进步被最疼痛地需要的表演和对方向的点我们将找寻我们的旅程其余者的解决哪里.
1.1 外部及内在的因素我们全部我们的软件系统对使用是快速的，可靠的，和容易的,值得一读的，模组的,构成和如此在. 但是这些形容词描述二个不同的种质量.
在边上，我们正在考虑如此的质量例如使用的速度或安逸, 谁的一种软件产品的出现或缺席可能被它的使用者发现. 这些财产可能被称为外部的质量因素.
在 "使用者" 之下我们只有应该包括不以结局实际上互相影响的人产品 , 像一个航空公司代理人使用一个保留班机系统, 但是也那些出自它的发展 , 像一个航空公司主管购买软件或契约掌管获得或委任保留班机系统. 如此财产 , 像是安逸软件可能被适应在稍后被定义的规格—的变化这讨论如 extendibility —掉入外部的因素种类即使它不可能是与如此的 " 使用者" 有立即的相关如保留代理人.
可以应用在一种软件产品的其他质量, 如此的当做模组, 或值得一读的,内在的因素是吗, 可察觉的不料竟会有机会接近的计算机专业人士那真实的软件本
第2个回答 2007-06-12
Engineering seeks quality; software engineering is the production of quality software.
This book introduces a set of techniques which hold the potential for remarkable
improvements in the quality of software products.
Before studying these techniques, we must clarify their goals. Software quality is
best described as a combination of several factors. This chapter analyzes some of these
factors, shows where improvements are most sorely needed, and points to the directions
where we shall be looking for solutions in the rest of our journey.
1.1 EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL FACTORS
We all want our software systems to be fast, reliable, easy to use, readable, modular,
structured and so on. But these adjectives describe two different sorts of qualities.
On one side, we are considering such qualities as speed or ease of use, whose
presence or absence in a software product may be detected by its users. These properties
may be called external quality factors.
Under “users” we should include not only the people who actually interact with the final
products, like an airline agent using a flight reservation system, but also those who
purchase the software or contract out its development, like an airline executive in charge
of acquiring or commissioning flight reservation systems. So a property such as the ease
with which the software may be adapted to changes of specifications — defined later in
this discussion as extendibility — falls into the category of external factors even though
it may not be of immediate interest to such “end users” as the reservations agent.
工程质量要求; 软件工程是生产高质量的软件. 这本书还介绍了一套技术,有可能显着提高人的素质的软件产品. 在学习这些技术,我们要弄清楚自己的目标. 软件质量是最好的形容多种因素的综合结果. 本章分析了这些因素后,显示有改善,最急需的, 并指出了方向,我们应寻求解决方案在余下的征途. 1.1外部和内部因素,我们都希望我们的软件系统可以快速,可靠,易用,易读, 模块化结构等. 但这些形容词来形容两种不同的特质. 一方面,我们正考虑等素质速度或易用性 其存在与否,在一个软件产品,可探测到了它的用户. 这些性能可称为外部质量因素. 根据"用户" ,我们不仅应包括的人,其实是互动的最终产品, 如某航空公司剂的一个航班订票系统 而且那些购买软件或承办的发展, 如某航空公司长官负责收购或委托航班订票系统. 所以财产,如再加上该软件,可适应变化的规格定义 后来,在这种讨论扩展-属于外在因素,即使它未必 切身利益的"最终用户"为保留剂. 其他品质适用于软件产品,如模块化,还是可读性,是内部因素, 可见,只有计算机专业人士进入实际软件的文本.
Other qualities applicable to a software product, such as being modular, or readable,
are internal factors, perceptible only to computer professionals who have access to the
actual software text.
第3个回答 2007-06-11
先把摘要给你，如果需要请留下你的email，我发DOC给你因为排版和插图没法发
An On-line Text Categorization Algorithm Based On Information Fusion: Semantic SVM
Lawrence Kai Shih and David R. Karger
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
200 Technology Square
[email protected],
[email protected]Categories and Subject Descriptors
H.1 [Information Systems]: Models and Principles
General Terms
Algorithms, Experimentation
Abstract: This paper suggests a very efficient Support Vector Machine algorithm for text categorization, Semantic Support Vector Machines or Semantic SVMs. Semantic SVMs exploit the character of SVMs that they have good generation ability even with small training set and the truth that feature vectors of texts of certain categorization is clustery in feature space. The original training text set is substituted by Semantic centers in Semantic SVMs as support vector candidates. The steps to generate a Semantic SVM from training texts and the framework of its on-line learning algorithm are given out. And the implement of on-line learning algorithm based on Sequential Minimal Optimization is also devised in this paper. Experiments on real-life corpus show that Semantic SVMs are promising: tens times faster than standard SVMs while retain high classifying precision.
Keywords: Text Categorization, SVM, Semantic SVM, On-line Learning
一种基于知识融合的在线文本分类算法:语义SVM
Lawrence Kai Shih and David R. Karger
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
200 Technology Square
[email protected],
[email protected]摘要: 本文利用SVM[1, 2]在小训练样本集条件下仍有高泛化能力的特性，结合文本特征向量在特征空间中具有聚类性的特点，提出一种使用语义中心集代替原训练样本集作为训练样本和支持向量的SVM：语义SVM。文中给出语义中心集的生成步骤，进而给出语义SVM的在线学习算法框架，以及基于SMO算法的在线学习算法的实现。实验结果说明，相对于标准SVM及其简单增量算法，语义SVM及其在线学习算法不仅在线学习速度和分类速度有数量级提高，而且分类准确率方面具有一定优势。
关键字：文本分类 支持向量机 语义SVM 在线学习
第4个回答 2007-06-11
帮您找了一篇有关Computer的英文资料，难度适中，没有中文，也不知道能不能帮上忙，keke
Computer
You’ve probably known about computers your whole life. But computers have not really been around for very long. Computers started to become popular with big companies in the 1960s. Computers didn’t become widespread in homes and schools until the 1980s.
HOW DO PEOPLE USE COMPUTERS?
People use computers in many ways. Stores use computers to keep track of products and check you out at the cash register. Banks use computers to send money all over the world.
Computers help teachers keep track of lessons and grades. They help students do research and learn. Computers let you hook up to networks (many computers hooked together). They let you hook up to a worldwide network called the Internet.
Scientists use computers to solve research problems. Engineers use computers to make cars, trucks, and airplanes. Architects use computers to design houses and other buildings. The police use computers to track down criminals. The military uses computers to make and read coded messages.
Computers are not just desktops and laptops. Computers are everywhere around your home. There are tiny computers inside microwave ovens, television sets, and videocassette recorders (VCRs) or digital video disc (DVD) players. There are even tiny computers in cars to help them run better.
HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE
Computers need hardware and software in order to work. Your desktop or laptop and all the parts inside are called hardware. The central processing unit (CPU) makes the computer work. The keyboard, mouse, printer, and monitor are also pieces of computer hardware.
Memory chips are hardware that stores information and instructions. Information also gets stored on the hard disk drive.
The programs that run the computer are called software. The computer operating system is software that tells the computer how to run. Applications or programs are software that do certain tasks. Word-processing programs, for example, let you write school reports and letters.
HOW CAN COMPUTERS DO SO MUCH?
One reason that computers can do so much is that they have a special language that tells them what to do. Computer language has only two letters: zeros and ones. Computers can read these ones and zeros extremely quickly.
Each zero or one is called a bit. Eight zeros and ones together are called a byte. Bits and bytes get stored in computer memory chips. Every year, computer engineers make chips that can hold more bytes. The chips can hold more information. Programmers can write applications that can do more things.
WHO INVENTED THE COMPUTER?
Many inventions have contributed to the development of modern computers