中文翻译成英语

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请哪一位高人帮我翻译以下文章
小弟急用，感激不尽．
压电效应早在1880年发现，在最初几十年间并未引起人们的重视，第一次世界大战期间，由于探测舰艇和沉船等技术的需求，西方一些国家对压电晶体的实用技术展开了一些研究，但直到20世纪30年代仍未得到广泛应用，二次世界大战以后，新型压电陶瓷材料的研制成功才使压电陶瓷的应用揭开了新的一页，到现在获得了普遍应用。从中我们可以看出 ：任何一种物理效应从发现到应用都要经历一个相当长的时期.新材料的出现是物理效应得以广泛应用的基础，各种新技术的需求是物理效应得以应用的促进剂。
由物理学知，一些离子型晶体的电介质(如石英、酒石酸钾钠、钛酸钡等)不仅在电场力作用下，而且在机械力作用下，都会产生极化现象。即： 在这些电介质的一定方向上施加机械力而产生变形时，就会引起它内部正负电荷中心相对转移而产生电的极化，从而导致其两个相对表面(极化面)上出现符号相反的束缚电荷，且其电位移D(在MKS单位制中即电荷密度σ)与外应力张量T成正比;当外力消失，又恢复不带电原状；当外力变向，电荷极性随之而变。这种现象称为正压电效应，或简称压电效应。
如果对压电材料施加压力，它便会产生电位差（称之为正压电效应），反之施加电压，则产生机械应力（称为逆压电效应）。如果压力是一种高频震动，则产生的就是高频电流。而高频电信号加在压电陶瓷上时，则产生高频声信号（机械震动），这就是我们平常所说的超声波信号。也就是说，压电陶瓷具有机械能与电能之间的转换和逆转换的功能实验证明，凡具有正压电效应的晶体，也一定具有逆压电效应。
现在压电效应也应用在多晶体上，比如现在的压电陶瓷，包括钛酸钡压电陶瓷、PZT、铌酸盐系压电陶瓷、铌镁酸铅压电陶瓷等等。当你在点燃煤气灶或热水器时，就有一种压电陶瓷已悄悄地为你服务了一次。生产厂家在这类压电点火装置内，藏着一块压电陶瓷，当用户按下点火装置的弹簧时，传动装置就把压力施加在压电陶瓷上，使它产生很高的电压，进而将电能引向燃气的出口放电，于是，燃气就被电火花点燃了.
水晶晶体在不受力时，其正电荷中心与负电荷中心重合，整个晶体的总电矩为零，晶体表面不带电,当晶体受力时,由于形变而导致正负电荷中心不再重合,晶体两端表面就带电了,这种正负电荷中心不重合的现象叫做极化.也有少数压电晶体由于本身内部的特殊结构,在没有外电场的情况下就存在着极化现象,这样的极化为自发极化.这种具有自发极化的晶体中存在一些自发极化取向一致的微小区域,称为电畴.当其被放入电场中后,原来随机混乱取向的电畴就会沿电场方向取向,若电场再反向,自发极化单元也会跟着反向,其极化与电场的关系是一根回线,称之为电滞回线 ,与铁磁体的磁滞回线形状类似,所以人们把这类晶体称为铁电体(其实晶体中并不含有铁),这个回线就是铁电体的标志.显然 ,铁电体是压电体中的一种。
自然界中具有压电效应的压电晶体很多 ,但往往成为陶瓷材料以后不呈现压电性能,这主要是因为陶瓷是一种多晶体,由于其中各细小晶粒的紊乱取向,因而各晶粒间压电效应会互相抵消,宏观不呈现压电效应 。铁电陶瓷中虽存在自发极化，但各晶粒间自发极化方向杂乱因此宏观无极性。若将铁电陶瓷预先经强直流电场作用，使各晶粒的自发极化方向都择优取向成为有规则的排列（这一过程称为人工极化），当直流电场去除后 ，陶瓷内仍能保留相当的剩余极化强度，则陶瓷材料宏观具有极性，也就具有了压电性能。因此，铁电陶瓷只有经过"极化"处理，才具有压电性。压电陶瓷一般是铁电体，只有铁电陶瓷才能在外场作用下，使自发极化单元运动转向，达到"极化"的目的，成为压电陶瓷，因而把这类陶瓷称为铁电、压电陶瓷。

Answer 1

The piezoelectric effect as early as discovered in 1880, by no meansbrings to people's attention at first in during several dozens years,the First World War period, because surveys technical the and so onnaval vessel and sunken wreck demand, western some countries havelaunched some research to the piezoelectric crystal practicaltechnology, but has not still obtained the widespread applicationuntil the 20th century 30's, after two world wars, the newpiezoelectricity ceramic material developed successfully only thencauses the piezoelectricity ceramics the application to open the newpage, has obtained the universal application to the present. We maysee: Any physical effect from discovered all must experience a quitelong time to the application The new material appearance is thephysical effect can the widespread application foundation, each kindof new technical demand is the physical effect can the applicationpromoter.
By physics knowledge, some ion crystals dielectric media (for examplequartz, potassium tartrate sodium, barium titanate and so on) not onlyunder electrical field intensity function, moreover under themechanical power function, can have the phenomenon of polarization.Namely: Exerts when in these dielectric media certain directions themechanical power has the distortion, can cause its interior positiveand negative electric charge center relative shift to have theelectricity polarization, thus causes its two relative surfaces(极化面) on to appear the mark opposite bound charge, also itselectric displacement D (in MKS 单位制 center is electric-chargedensity sigma) has the direct ratio with external stress tensor T;When the external force vanishes, also restores not the chargedoriginal condition; When the external force changes to, the electriccharge polarity changes along with it. This kind of phenomenon iscalled the piezoelectric effect, or abbreviation piezoelectric effect.
If exerts the pressure to the piezoelectricity material, it then canhave the potential difference (to call it piezoelectric effect),otherwise exerts the voltage, then has the mechanical stress (to becalled counter piezoelectric effect). If the pressure is one kind ofhigh frequency vibration, then produces is the high-frequency current.But the high frequency electrical signal adds when thepiezoelectricity ceramics, then produces the high frequency soundsignal (machinery to vibrate), this is the ultrasonic wave signalwhich we usually said. In other words, the piezoelectricity ceramicshave between the mechanical energy and the electrical energytransformation and the counter transformation function experimentproved that, every has the piezoelectric effect the crystal, alsocertainly has the counter piezoelectric effect.
Now the piezoelectric effect also applies on the polycrystal, forinstance the present piezoelectricity ceramics, including the bariumtitanate piezoelectricity ceramics, PZT, the niobate are thepiezoelectricity ceramics, niobium magnesium sour leadpiezoelectricity ceramics and so on. When you when light the coal gasstove or the water heater, had one piezoelectricity ceramics quietlyto serve for you. Produces the factory in this kind ofpiezoelectricity firing device, is hiding together thepiezoelectricity ceramics, when the user presses down the firingdevice the spring, the transmission device on exerts the pressure onthe piezoelectricity ceramics, causes it to produce the very highvoltage, then courses the electrical energy the fuel gas theexportation electric discharge, thereupon, the fuel gas on was lit bythe electric spark
Crystal crystal when not stress, its positive charge center and thenegative charge center superposition, the entire crystal totalelectricity is rectangular is zero, the crystal plane not charged,when crystal stress, causes the positive and negative electric chargecenter as a result of the deformation no longer to superpose, crystalbeginnings and ends surface charged, this kind of positive andnegative electric charge center does not superpose the phenomenon iscalled the polarization Also has the minority piezoelectric crystalas a result of itself interior special structure, in outside in theelectric field situation has not had the phenomenon of polarization,such polarization for spontaneous polarization This kind hasspontaneous polarized in the crystal to have some spontaneouspolarized orientation consistent small regions, is called 电畴After it is put in the electric field, the original stochastic chaoticorientation 电畴 can along the electric field direction orientation,if electric field again reverse, spontaneously polarizes the unit alsoto be able with to be reverse, its polarized and the electric fieldrelations are a return wire, calls it the dielectric hysteresis returnwire, with ferromagnet hysteresis loop shape similar, therefore thepeople 类晶体 are called this the ferroelectricity body (actuallyin crystal certainly not to include iron), this return wire is theferroelectricity body symbol Obviously, the ferroelectricity body isin the piezoelectricity body one kind.
In the nature has the piezoelectric effect the piezoelectric crystalto be very many, but often will become the ceramic material later notto present the piezoelectricity performance, this mainly will bebecause the ceramics will be one kind of polycrystal, as a result ofeach tiny crystal grain disorder orientation, thus each intergranularpiezoelectric effect will be able mutually to counterbalance,macroscopic will not present the piezoelectric effect. In theferroelectric ceramics although has the spontaneous polarization, buteach intergranular spontaneous polarization direction is disorderlytherefore macroscopic 无极 nature. If passes through in advance theferroelectric ceramics the strong direct-current field function,causes various crystal grains the spontaneous polarization directionall according to qualification orientation to become has the rule thearrangement (this process to be called artificial polarization), after当直 flows the electric field to remove, in the ceramics still couldretain the suitable surplus polarization intensity, then the ceramicmaterial macroscopic had the polarity, also had the piezoelectricityperformance. Therefore, the ferroelectric ceramics only have process" Polarizes " Processing, the ability has thepiezoelectricity. The piezoelectricity ceramics generally are theferroelectricity body, only has the ferroelectric ceramics to be ableunder the outfield function, causes the spontaneous polarized unitmovement to change, achieves " Polarizes " The goal, becomesthe piezoelectricity ceramics, thus is called this kind of ceramicsthe ferroelectricity, the piezoelectricity ceramics.

Answer 2

Press to give or get an electric shock the effect to discover for as early as 1880, at at the beginning several 10-year did not cause the people's value, period of World War I, because of probing into the warship boat and sinking the technical need of etc. of ship, western and some nations launch some researches towards pressing the practical technique of the transistor, but World War II later, new press to give or get an electric shock the porcelain and ceramics material to research to manufacture success did not made press the electricity the application of the porcelain and ceramics to uncover new one page until 30's in 20 centuries not yet gets extensive application, acquiring the widespread pplication to now.From medium we can see:Any physics effect from discover that the applications all want to experience a very long period.The emergence of the new material is the foundation that the physics effect can apply extensively, various new technical need is the physics effect can apply of accelerant.
Know from the physics, the electricity of a crystal of some ion lies the quality( such as sour barium of quartz, tartaric acid potassium 钠 , 钛 etc.) not only under the electric field dint function, and under the machine dint function, will produce the pole to turn the phenomenon.Namely:At these electricities lie the certain direction of the quality to transform up the infliction machine dint but creation, will cause it internal just the negative charge center is opposite to transfer but produce the electricity to turn very much, thus causing it two opposite surface( turn the noodles very much) up appear the contrary tie electric charge of sign, and its electric potential move the D( in the unit of MKS system namely the charge density σ ) with the outside should dint ZHANG LIANG2 T becomes the direct proportion; be the outside dint disappearance, again the instauration does not take to give or get an electric shock the original shape;When the outside dint change to, the electric charge pole immediately but change.This kind of phenomenon be called just press to give or get an electric shock the effect, or the brief name press to give or get an electric shock the effect.
If give or get an electric shock the material to bring pressure towards press, it will produce the potential difference( call it as just press to give or get an electric shock the effect) then, whereas the infliction electric voltage, then produce the machine in response to the dint.( be called to go against to press to give or get an electric shock the effect)If the pressure is a kind of high 频 to vibrate, then output is a high electric current of 频 .But the high 频 telecommunication number imposes to press to give or get an electric shock the porcelain and ceramics up, then produce a signal( the machine vibrate) of high 频 , this is a signal that we say usually.Also is to say, the function experiment certificate that press to give or get an electric shock the porcelain and ceramics to have the machine ability and conversion between electric powers and converse to change, any have just press to give or get an electric shock the effect of crystal, also certainly have to go against to press to give or get an electric shock the effect.
Press to give or get an electric shock the effect now also applied on many crystals, press to give or get an electric shock the porcelain and ceramics now for example, include the sour barium of 钛 to press to give or get an electric shock the sour salt of porcelain and ceramics, PZT, 铌 the department presses to give or get an electric shock the sour lead of porcelain and ceramics, magnesium of 铌 to press to give or get an electric shock the porcelain and ceramics etc..When you are sparking the coal gas cooking stove or water- heaters, there will be a kind of press to give or get an electric shock the porcelain and ceramics to have already served for you silently once.Produce the factory house in this type ofly press give or get an electric shock lighting the fire device, hide a cake of to press to give or get an electric shock the porcelain and ceramics, be the spring coil that the customer presses some fire device, spread to move to equip the pressure infliction in pressing to give or get an electric shock the porcelain and ceramics, make it produce the very high electric voltage, then turning on electricity the exit that the electric power leads to annoy toward燃 , hence, the 燃 annoy drive gave or get an electric shock the spark to spark.
The crystal crystal while be free from dint, its positive charge center and the negative charge center are heavy to match, the total electricity 矩 of the whole crystal is zero, the crystal surface does not take the electricity, being the crystal to be subjected to the dint, because the form no longer change but cause the positive negative charge center heavy match, the crystal both ends surface took to give or get an electric shock, the phenomenon that this kind of positive negative charge center is not heavy to match is called the pole to turn.Also have the minority to press the transistor because of oneself the special structure of the inner part, exist to turn the phenomenon very much under the condition of have no dispatches from foreign news agency field, change into very much thus self-moving turn very much.This kind of have self-moving turn very much of exist in the crystal some self-moving turn the consistently small district of mindset very much, be called the electricity 畴 .It was put into electric field after, the electricity 畴 of the originally random confusion mindset will follow the electric field direction mindset, if electric field again anti- to, self-moving turn the unit very much and also will come after anti- to, it turn very much with the relation of the electric field is a the root return to line, calling it as to give or get an electric shock the 滞 to return to line, returning to the line shape with the 磁滞 of the body of iron 磁 similar, so the people are called the iron electricity body( in fact in the crystal not imply the iron) to this crystal, this return to line is an iron to give or get an electric shock the body of marking.Obviously, the iron electricity body is to press to give or get an electric shock a kind in the body.
It have to press to give or get an electric shock the effect to press the transistor in the nature a lot of, but usually become the porcelain and ceramics material hereafter does not present to press to give or get an electric shock the function, this mainly is because the porcelain and ceramics is a kind of many crystal, because of among them each mess mindset of small grain of 晶 , as a result the each 晶 grain press to give or get an electric shock the effect and will cancel out each other, the macro view does not present to press to give or get an electric shock the effect.In the iron electricity porcelain and ceramics although exist self-moving turn very much, an of each 晶 is self-moving to turn the miscellaneous confusion of direction very much therefore macroscopic limitless.If give or get an electric shock iron porcelain and ceramics in advance after the strong direct current electric field function, make each of self-moving turn the alignment( this process is called the artificial to turn very much) that the directions all choose the excellent mindset to become the regularity very much, be the direct current electric field to do away with, porcelain and ceramics inside still can reserve the equal surplus to turn the strength very much, then the porcelain and ceramics material macro view has the pole, also having to press to give or get an electric shock the function.Therefore, the iron electricity porcelain and ceramics onlies have the process" turn very much" to handle, the ability presses to give or get an electric shock sex.Press to give or get an electric shock the porcelain and ceramics is the iron electricity body generally, only the iron electricity porcelain and ceramics then can make under the outfield function self-moving turn the unit sport to change direction very much, attain the purpose of" turn very much", become press to give or get an electric shock the porcelain and ceramics, as a result be called the electricity of iron to this porcelain and ceramics and press to give or get an electric shock the porcelain and ceramics.