1：The largest , most important family is the so-called civil-law family.
2: Civil-law systems are , generally speaking , “codified”systems:the basic law is set out in code.
3: Another influential civil code was Germany’s ,which dates from the late nineteenth century .
4: Judicial review was officially recognized in 1803 by the decision of the
United States Supreme Court in Marbury v.Madison .(P36)
5: Ripeness and mootness issues are related to standing and might be understood simply as standing in a time frame .(P39)
6: This means two things:the Court could ignore ripeness in a given case if it wants to get to the merits and Congress could remove ripeness as a barrier to review if it chose , by providing for review .
7: Mootness issues arise when the redressable harm is over and the case
therefore no longer presente a live controversy .
8: Executive orders and executive agreements are widely used in foreign
Affairs .(P40)
9: While many of the country’s most important international commitments are still made b way of the formal treaty process .
10: But the President has used American troops several times in history without going to Congress for a declaration of war .(P41)
11: Federalism is most visible in its limitations on actions of the states
through the supremacy clause .(P42)
12: Similarly ,the Court has prohibited discriminatory exemptions from income taxation that a state provided for retirement pay of state and local
governmental employees , but not federal enmloyees .
13: “the powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution , nor prohibited by it to the States , are reserved to the States respectively ,to the people.”
14: Criminal Law ,branch of law that defines crimes ,establishes punishments .(P74)
15: Criminal law includes both substantive law , which is addressed in this article .
16: Crimes are claeeified in many different ways
17: An important classification is the division of crimes into felonies or misdemeanors .
18: In other jurisdictions , crimes punishable by imprisonment for one year or more are felonies , and those punishable by fine or imprisonment for less than one year are misdemeanors.
19: The crime of muder is loosely defined as the unlawful killing of a human being by a person who had an intent to kill .(P76)
解析：
1：The largest , most important family is the so-called civil-law family.
民法所指的法系，有最大最重要之意。
2: Civil-law systems are , generally speaking , “codified” systems: the basic law is set out in code.
一般而言，民法体系乃是“法典化”体系，即：其基本法律以法典呈现。
3: Another influential civil code was Germany’s ,which dates from the late nineteenth century .
德国民法典发端于十九世纪晚期，为另一颇具影响力的民法典。
4: Judicial review was officially recognized in 1803 by the decision of the
United States Supreme Court in Marbury v.Madison .(P36)
1803年，全美最高法院对Marbury v.Madison案的一纸裁决正式认可了司法复审制度。（36页）
5: Ripeness and mootness issues are related to standing and might be understood simply as standing in a time frame .(P39)
实然与未然问题关乎持续力，对其理解易流于简单的时间上的持续力。（39页）
6: This means two things: the Court could ignore ripeness in a given case if it wants to get to the merits and Congress could remove ripeness as a barrier to review if it chose , by providing for review .
这便意味着两种情况：最高法院若为事功计，在具体案件上可能会撇开实然性问题；议会这方面，鉴于复议之需，如采纳实然性，则在复议时，又可能因其构成障碍而将其抛弃。
7: Mootness issues arise when the redressable harm is over and the case
therefore no longer presente a live controversy .
当案件的可救济型伤害已了结，因而实际纠纷也不复存在时，未然性问题便出现了。
8: Executive orders and executive agreements are widely used in foreign
Affairs .(P40)
行政令与行政协定在外交事务中广为采用。（40页）
9: While many of the country’s most important international commitments are still made b way of the formal treaty process .
国家为数不少的至为重要的国际承诺仍是通过正式条约程序达成。
10: But the President has used American troops several times in history without going to Congress for a declaration of war .(P41)
但是历史上已有几次先例，不通过议会程序宣战，总统便径行动用武力开战。（41页）
11: Federalism is most visible in its limitations on actions of the states
through the supremacy clause .(P42)
联邦主义在对联邦诉诸最高条款的诉讼限制上，表现最为明显。
12: Similarly ,the Court has prohibited discriminatory exemptions from income taxation that a state provided for retirement pay of state and local
governmental employees , but not federal employees .
各州为备付本州本地方政府而非联邦的职员退休金，所征收的收入所得税的歧视性免除，也已为最高法院所禁止。
13: “the powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States , are reserved to the States respectively ,to the people.”
联邦宪法未赋予联邦，也未对联邦禁止的权力，分属联邦及人民。
14: Criminal Law, branch of law that defines crimes, establishes punishments. (P74)
刑法作为部门法，界定罪，并确定刑罚。（74页）
15: Criminal law includes both substantive law , which is addressed in this article .
刑法包括两类实体法，本文对此进行了阐述。
16: Crimes are claeeified in many different ways
罪的分类不拘一格。
17: An important classification is the division of crimes into felonies or misdemeanors .
罪的一种重要分类，是厘分轻罪与重罪。
18: In other jurisdictions, crimes punishable by imprisonment for one year or more are felonies , and those punishable by fine or imprisonment for less than one year are misdemeanors.
判决处以一年或一年以上徒刑的为重罪，处以罚款或一年以下徒刑的为轻罪。
19: The crime of muder is loosely defined as the unlawful killing of a human being by a person who had an intent to kill .(P76)
谋杀罪的宽泛定义为，带有致人死亡意图者非法致人死亡。（76页）
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