第4个回答 2011-05-07
保罗狄拉克开发了波动方程-狄拉克方程- 包含狭义相对论和量子力学. 。这一理论不仅解释了内在的角动量，称为自旋的电子，而能说明"非相对论量子力学"不能解释的性质，但是，当适当的量化特性，导致了电子的反粒子(正电子)的预测。
另一方面，对反粒子的存在，使得明显，一个是不与狭义相对论和量子力学的统一处理。相反理论是必要的，其中一个是量子场处理，并在粒子可以被创建和销毁在量子电动力学和量子色动力学。
这些元素融合在一起，在粒子物理标准模型，这个理论，统一了狭义相对论和量子物理学的原则，实际上属于最雄心勃勃，最活跃的“标准模型“。
Special relativity is compatible with
1.translation invariance, rotation invariance, time reversal symmetry, and reflection symmetry of the laws of physics. Indeed, special relativity generalizes and unifies these symmetries via the principle of Lorentz invariance.
2.the non-relativistic Doppler shift law, which works fine if time dilation is accounted for; the combination equals "relativistic Doppler".
3.Maxwell's equations of electromagnetism. In fact Maxwell's equations combined with the first postulate of special relativity can be used to deduce the second postulate. Actually electromagnetism is greatly simplified by relativity, as magnetism is simply the relativistic effect obtained when the simple law of electrostatics is put into a relativistic Universe.
4.the Lorentz force law in electromagnetism, subject to the caveats concerning Newton's second law mentioned earlier. Maxwell's equations, combined with the Lorentz force law, can also be used to demonstrate mathematically several consequences of special relativity, such as Lorentz contraction and time dilation, at least for rulers and clocks which operate via electromagnetic forces.
5.Newton's first law and Newton's third law are still compatible with special relativity, though as mentioned earlier all forces must now act locally instead of at a distance (and are most likely mediated via fields with finite speed of propagation).
6.classical Yang–Mills theory, which generalizes Maxwell's equations and which govern the classical theory of the weak and strong nuclear forces. Indeed, as with Maxwell's equations, one could use the Yang–Mills equations to deduce the second postulate of special relativity from the first, and can also demonstrate relativistic effects such as Lorentz contraction and time dilation for rulers and clocks that operate via nuclear forces (e.g. atomic clocks). Quantum Yang–Mills theory is a special case of quantum field theory.
7.in addition to Maxwell's equations and Yang–Mills equations, related equations such as the wave equation, Dirac equation, Klein-Gordon equation, and Yang–Mills–Higgs equations are also compatible with special relativity. See Relativistic wave equations for further discussion.
quantum mechanics, though as mentioned above Schrödinger's equation must now be replaced by another equation. One can view quantum field theory as the natural unification of special relativity with quantum mechanics. However, if one assumes both special relativity and quantum mechanics then one is forced to abandon local hidden variable theories, unless one is willing to adopt interpretations of quantum mechanics such as the many-worlds interpretation; see Bell's theorem for more discussion. For similar reasons the concept of the collapse of a wave function becomes problematic in relativity, though the difficulties are more aesthetic than fundamental in nature. The unification of general relativity and quantum mechanics is a notoriously difficult problem which has not yet been resolved satisfactorily; see quantum gravity.
8.general relativity collapses to special relativity in the limit when the strength of the gravitational field tends to zero.
9.Hamiltonian mechanics, though the Hamiltonian system often has to incorporate not only point particles, but also the fields which mediate the forces between these particles.
conservation laws, such as conservation of mass, energy, momentum, angular momentum and charge. (See however the earlier note about failure of additivity of mass). This can be viewed as a consequence of Noether's theorem from Hamiltonian mechanics. Conservation of particle number is not covered by Noether's theorem and can break down in relativity.
Lagrangian mechanics (the principle of least action), although as with Hamiltonian mechanics, the Lagrangian system often needs to incorporate fields as well as particles. Also, the Lagrangian of a point particle often needs to be written using proper time instead of absolute time or time in a co-ordinate frame.
relativistic quantum chemistry
Paul Dirac developed a wave equation - the Dirac equation - fully compatible both with special relativity and with the final version of quantum theory existing after 1926. This theory explained not only the intrinsic angular momentum of the electrons called spin, a property which can only be stated, but not explained by non-relativistic quantum mechanics, but, when properly quantized, led to the prediction of the antiparticle of the electron, the positron.Also the fine structure could finally not be explained without special relativity.
On the other hand, the existence of antiparticles makes obvious that one is not dealing with a naive unification of special relativity and quantum mechanics. Instead a theory is necessary, where one is dealing with quantized fields, and where particles can be created and destroyed, as in quantum electrodynamics or quantum chromodynamics.
These elements merge together in the standard model of particle physics, and this theory, the standard theory of relativistic quantized fields, unifying the principles of special relativity and of quantum physics, belongs actually to the most ambitious, and the most active one (see citations in the article "Standard Model").